苗語
| 苗語 Hmoob |
||
|---|---|---|
| 通行区: | 中國的湖南、四川、貴州、雲南等地;越南、老撾、泰國 | |
| 总使用人数: | 2,400,000 | |
| 谱系学分类: | 苗瑤語族 苗語支 苗語 |
|
| 语言代码 | ||
| ISO 639-1: | 無 | |
| ISO 639-2: | hmn | |
| ISO 639-3: | mww | |
| 注意:本頁包含 Unicode 的 國際音標 | ||
苗語是苗族人語言的統稱,屬於苗瑤語族的苗語支。苗語大致可以分為以下三個主要分支:
當中以川黔滇方言最為複雜,根據Ethnologue的紀錄,可以分成19種不同的方言。
目录 |
[编辑] 方言分類
以下為苗語的三個主要分支:
- 湘西方言(Ghaob Xongb;Xiangxi),又名“東部方言”或“紅苗”;
- 西部土語 [mmr]
- 東部土語 [muq]
- 黔東方言(Hmub;Qiandong),又名“中部方言”或“黑苗”;
- 北部土語 [hea]
- 南部土語 [hms]
- 東部土語 [hmq]
- 川黔滇方言(Hmongb或Hmaob;Chuanqiandian),又名“西部方言”
- 滇東北次方言 (Hmong, Northeastern Dian) [hmd],又名“威寧苗”;
- 羅泊河次方言 (Hmong, Luopohe) [hml]
- 重安江次方言 (Hmong, Chong'anjiang) [hmj]
- 川黔滇次方言
- 第一土語 (Hmong Njua) [blu]
- 第二土語 (Hmong Daw) [mww]
- 貴陽次方言
- 北部土語 (Hmong, Northern Guiyang) [huj]
- 西部土語 (Hmong, Southwestern Guiyang) [hmg]
- 南部土語 (Hmong, Southern Guiyang) [hmy]
- 惠水次方言
- 北部土語 (Hmong, Northern Huishui) [hmi]
- 西南土語 (Hmong, Southwestern Huishui) [hmh]
- 中部土語 (Hmong, Central Huishui) [hmc]
- 東部土語 (Hmong, Eastern Huishui) [hme]
- 麻山次方言
- 中部土語 (Hmong, Central Mashan) [hmm]
- 北部土語 (Hmong, Northern Mashan) [hmp]
- 西部土語 (Hmong, Western Mashan) [hmw]
- 南部土語 (Hmong, Southern Mashan) [hma]
另外,在美國有十多萬苗族語言人口,他們講的主要是一種混合型的川黔滇方言。他們有自己的字母及拼寫規則,與中國通用的近似,但不相容。這裡主要講述的是在中國使用的拼寫規則。有關美國方面的拼寫方式,請參見本文的英文版。
[编辑] 音韻
The following discussion of the phonology of Hmong is largely based on Golston and Yang 2001.
[编辑] 聲母
Hmong uses a number of phonological features unfamiliar to English speakers, like aspiration, prenasalization, and lateral release, to make phonemic contrasts. The consonant inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below.
| Bilabial | Bilabial with lateral release |
Labiodental | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain stop | p pʰ | pˡ pɬ | t tʰ d dʰ |
ʈ ʈʰ | c cʰ | k kʰ | q qʰ | ʔ | |
| Prenasalized stop | mb mbʰ | mbˡ mbɬ | nd ndʰ | ɳɖ ɳɖʰ | ɲɟ ɲɟʰ | ŋg ŋgʰ | ɴɢ ɴɢʰ | ||
| Plain affricate | ts tsʰ | ʈʂ ʈʂʰ | |||||||
| Prenasalized affricate | ndz ndzʰ | ɳɖʐ ɳɖʐʰ | |||||||
| Nasal | m m̥ | mˡ m̥ɬ | n n̥ | ɲ ɲ̥ | |||||
| Fricative | f v | s | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | h | ||||
| Lateral approximant | ɬ l |
[编辑] 韻母
The vowel system of Hmong is as shown in the following charts:
| Monophthongs | Oral | Nasal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | Front | Back | ||
| Close | i | ɨ | u | |||
| Mid | e | ɔ | ẽ | ɔ̃ | ||
| Open | a | |||||
| Diphthongs | Closing | Centering |
|---|---|---|
| Close component is front | ai | iə |
| Close component is central | aɨ | |
| Close component is back | au | uə |
[编辑] Syllable structure
Hmong syllables have a very simple structure: onsets are obligatory (except in a few particles), nuclei may consist of a monophthong or diphthong, and coda consonants are prohibited, except that a weak coda [ŋ] may accompany nasal vowels and a weak coda [ʔ] may accompany the low-falling creaky tone.
[编辑] 聲調
苗語的聲調在不同的方言亦有不同的變化,而普遍都有6-8個不同的聲調。中國通用的聲調記號與美國的有所差異,兩者並不兼容。以下為中國採用的調號。有關美國所採用的調號,請參考本文的英文版。
| 調序 | 調號 | 調值 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 湘西 | 黔東 | 川黔滇 | 滇東北 | ||
| 1 | b | 35 | 33 | 43 | 53 |
| 2 | x | 31 | 55 | 31 | 35 |
| 3 | d | 44 | 35 | 55 | 55 |
| 4 | l | 33 | 22 | 21 | 11 |
| 5 | t | 53 | 44 | 44 | 33 |
| 6 | s | 42 | 13 | 24 | 31 |
| 7 | k | 44 | 53 | 33 | 11 |
| 8 | f | 33 | 31 | 13 | 31 |
[编辑] 文字
- b p m f w
- d t n l
- g k ng h
- j q x y
- z c s r
- zh ch sh
- gh kh nh
- bl pl ml
- hm hn hl
- nb np
- nd nt
- ngg nk
- nj nq
- nz nc
- nzh nch
- nbl npl
- ngh nkh
[编辑] 文字與音標對應
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The glottal stop is not indicated in the orthography. The few truly vowel-initial words are indicated by an apostrophe.
The mid tone is not indicated in the orthography. The others are indicated by letters written at the end of the syllable.
- -b – high tone
- -s – low tone
- -j – high-falling tone
- -v – mid-rising tone
- -m – low-falling (creaky) tone
- -g – mid-low (breathy) tone
- -d - phrase-final low-rising variant of -m
[编辑] 參考書目
- ^ 李錦平,(2002年),《苗族語言與文化》,貴州民族出版社,中國貴州貴陽。 ISBN 7541210218
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (編), (2005年),《民族語:全世界的語言》,第15版。SIL國際,美國德州達拉斯。網上版本:http://www.ethnologue.com/
- Golston, Chris, and Phong Yang. 2001. "Hmong loanword phonology". In Proceedings of HILP 5, ed. C. Féry, A. D. Green, and R. van de Vijver, 40-57. Linguistics in Potsdam 12. Potsdam: University of Potsdam.
[编辑] 外部連結
- 苗語網上資源 (英語)
- Hmong Dictionary (including audio clips)
- Saturn Hmong: Hmong dictionaries, learning Hmong and other information
- The Hmong Language: An Oral Memory
- Hmong Daw on Ethnologue


